Programmed Instruction
Programmed
instruction has been defined as a method of giving individualized instruction,
in which the student is active and proceeds at his own pace and is provided
with immediate knowledge of result. The physical presence is not essential in
this strategy. This technique of instruction was basically developed by B.F.
Skinner. It is based on the principle of reinforcement and self-learning.
Definition of
Programmed Instruction: Programmed instruction is the change in the response of
the behavior brought about through the use of material built into carefully
organized sequential system. It refers to utilization of teaching machines,
programmed text and computer programming, in order to achieve prescribed
learning or behavioral modification objectives.
Characteristics
of Programmed Instruction:
1.
It is a part of educational
technology in the sense that programmed material can be presented with the help
of machines or computers.
2.
It is a new strategy of
teaching and learning where learner learns without the help of the teacher.
3.
It is a technique for the
modification of learner’s behavior by confirming the right response
immediately.
4.
In this technique the learner
learns at his own speed.
Types of
Programmed Instruction
2.
Branching or Intrinsic
Programming
Linear or
Extrinsic Programming: Linear Programming is based on Skinner’s Operant
Conditioning Theory of learning where contingencies of reinforcement are
properly arranged which shapes the behavior of an organism in a desirable manner.
This programmed instruction was first systematically prepared by B.F. Skinner
of Harvard University.
Branching or Intrinsic
Programming: This programmed instruction was developed by Norman Crowder. The
main characteristics of this model is that it has been developed according to
the needs, interests and attitudes of learners. Branching or Intrinsic
Programming is also known as Scrambled Programme.
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